Traumatic brain injury is a disease that severely threatens neural function, and there is an urgent need for efficient repair materials to promote neural regeneration and functional recovery. Conductive nanocomposite hydrogels (CNHs) have emerged as research hotspot in the field of neural tissue engineering in recent years due to their excellent electrical conductivity, biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. This article systematically reviews the material composition and structural design of CNHs, focusing on their critical roles in regulating electroactive microenvironments, promoting neural cell proliferation, modulating inflammatory responses and mitigating oxidative stress. Through analyzing the synergistic effects of components such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles and conductive polymers, it has been revealed that multifunctional designs, including the regulation of mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and biomimetic microenvironments, can significantly enhance the repair effect of traumatic brain injury by reinforcing electrical signal transmission in neural cells and inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the challenges in current research regarding biosafety, long-term stability and clinical translation, while prospecting the future application prospects of CNHs in precise treatment of traumatic brain injury. The aim is to promote the innovative development of CNHs in the field of neural repair and provide references for related research.

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