目的 系统评价急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)患者并发急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的危险因素。
方法 检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science数据库,收集有关AP患者并发ALI/ARDS危险因素的研究,检索时间为建库至2023年10月。由2名研究人员根据纳入与排除标准独立进行文献筛选、资料提取及质量评价。采用RevMan 5.4、Stata 14.0软件进行数据分析。
结果 最终纳入28项研究,纳入AP患者7 130例,其中并发ALI/ARDS的AP患者1 684例,涉及25项AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素。Meta分析结果显示,呼吸频率[OR=1.19,95%CI(1.04,1.35),P <0.001]、呼吸频率>30次/分[OR=1.99,95%CI(1.02,3.87),P=0.043]、血糖[OR=2.70,95%CI(1.83,3.98),P<0.001]、红细胞分布宽度[OR=2.47,95%CI(1.79,3.42),P<0.001]、血乳酸[OR=2.48,95%CI(1.34,4.61),P=0.004]、C-反应蛋白[OR=1.08,95%CI(1.05,1.12),P=0.001]、白细胞[OR=1.13,95%CI(1.00,1.27),P=0.04]、多形核白细胞[OR=1.36,95%CI(1.05,1.78),P=0.02]水平升高,血清白蛋白[OR=1.45,95%CI(1.25,1.70),P <0.001]、Ca2+ [OR=6.95,95%CI(3.54,13.66),P<0.001]、血清白蛋白<30 g/L [OR=1.96,95%CI(1.26,3.05),P=0.003]、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)[OR=1.52,95%CI(1.31,1.76),P<0.001]、Ranson评分[OR=2.38,95%CI(1.53,3.70),P<0.001]、CT严重指数(CT severity index,CTSI)评分[OR=1.72,95%CI(1.58,1.88),P<0.001]、APACHE Ⅱ>11分[OR=1.80,95%CI(1.12,2.91),P=0.016]、Ranson评分>5分[OR=1.97,95%CI(1.25,3.09),P=0.003]、感染[OR=5.72,95%CI(3.27,10.00),P<0.001]是AP患者发生ALI/ARDS的危险因素。
结论 AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素较多,临床医护人员应积极监测相关危险因素,早期预警和识别AP并发ALI/ARDS的高危人群,以采取及时有效的防治措施,降低AP患者ALI/ARDS的发生率和死亡率,改善患者预后。
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是一种以胰酶自动消化引起胰腺炎症为特征的消化系统急症,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势,且起病急骤、病因复杂,常给患者造成严重的健康损害[1-2]。尽管多数患者表现为自限性的轻症胰腺炎,但仍有20%的患者可进展为伴有全身炎症反应和器官衰竭的重症胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)[3]。呼吸系统是AP进展严重时最早且最常见的受累器官系统,25%的SAP患者可能出现急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS),主要表现为呼吸窘迫和顽固性低氧血症[4]。研究显示,AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的死亡率约为30%~40%,是患者早期死亡的主要原因[5-6]。目前ALI/ARDS的治疗以药物、机械通气等对症支持治疗为主,尚无特效治疗手段[7]。早期识别AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的高危因素,及早预警ALI/ARDS的发生风险,防止病情进一步恶化对改善AP患者临床预后、降低死亡率尤为重要。国内外已有多项研究针对AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素进行分析,但存在研究样本量小、涉及危险因素较分散、结论不一致等问题。本研究通过Meta分析全面探讨AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素,以期为AP患者发生ALI/ARDS的早期预警提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 纳入与排除标准
1.1.1 纳入标准
①研究类型:病例对照研究或队列研究;② 研究对象:年龄≥18岁,已确诊为AP的患者,根据是否并发ALI/ARDS分为非ALI/ARDS组和ALI/ARDS组;③研究内容:AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素或预测因素,且提供相应的比值比(odds ratio,OR)和95%置信区间(confidence internal,CI);④结局指标:AP患者发生ALI/ARDS,ALI/ARDS的诊断依据参照我国《急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南》[8]、2011年ARDS“柏林定义”或ARDS的欧美会议共识[9]。
1.1.2 排除标准
①无法获取全文、数据缺失或无法提取有效数据的文献;②重复发表文献;③质量评价为低质量的文献;④研究对象为妊娠期孕妇、高龄老人等特殊人群的文献;⑤纳入人群发病前已存在哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、呼吸衰竭等呼吸系统疾病。
1.2 文献检索策略
计算机检索中国知网、维普、万方、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science数据库,收集有关AP患者并发ALI/ARDS危险因素的研究,检索时限为建库至2023年10月,采用主题词和自由词相结合的方式进行检索,同时补充检索追踪相关综述或纳入研究的参考文献。中文检索词为急性胰腺炎、重症胰腺炎、急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、危险因素、影响因素、预测因素、相关因素等。英文检索词为acute pancreatitis、severe acute pancreatitis、acute necrotizing pancreatitis、acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis、acute lung injury、ALI、acute respiratory distress syndrome、ARDS、risk factors、influencing factors、correlation factors等。以PubMed为例,具体检索策略见框1。
1.3 文献筛选与资料提取
采用NoteExpress 3.1软件剔除重复文献后,由2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准阅读题目和摘要进行初筛,再阅读全文复筛后确定最终纳入文献。文献筛选和数据提取由2名研究者独立进行,并进行交叉核对,如遇分歧则经讨论或咨询第3名研究者予以判定。资料提取内容包括第一作者、发表年份、研究设计类型、ALI/ARDS诊断标准、样本量(非ALI/ARDS组、ALI/ARDS组)、ALI/ARDS发生率、暴露因素。
1.4 文献质量评价
采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(Newcastle-Ottawa Scale,NOS)[10]对纳入研究质量进行评价,评价过程由2名研究者独立进行,并交叉核对,结果不一致的条目经讨论或咨询第3名研究者予以判断。评价内容包括研究人群的选择、组间可比性和结果评价三个方面,总分9分,0~3 分为低质量,4~6分为中等质量,≥7分为高质量。
1.5 统计分析
采用RevMan 5.4和Stata 14.0软件进行Meta分析。效应量为OR值及其95%CI。纳入研究结果间的异质性采用χ2与定量I2进行检验(检验水准α=0.10)。当P>0.10且I2≤50%,采用固定效应模型进行分析;若P≤0.10,I2 >50%,认为研究间存在较大的异质性,采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析。通过转换效应模型对Meta分析结果进行敏感性分析,通过Egger's检验对纳入研究≥10项的影响因素进行发表偏倚风险的评估。
2 结果
2.1 文献筛选流程及结果
计算机初步检索数据库共获得文献851篇,经过逐层筛选,最终纳入文献28篇,其中中文文献20篇[11-30]、英文文献8篇[31-38]。文献筛选流程及结果见图1。
2.2 纳入文献基本特征及质量评价
共纳入28项研究,包括24项病例对照研究[11-32, 35, 38]、2项前瞻性队列研究[36-37]、2项回顾性队列研究[33-34]。共纳入AP患者7 130例,其中并发ALI/ARDS的AP患者共1 684例,涉及25项AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的相关危险因素。纳入研究的质量均在中等及以上,其中23项研究为高质量,5项为中等质量,见表1。
2.3 Meta分析结果
对涉及2项及以上研究的危险因素进行Meta合并。以急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)为例,9项[12, 21-22, 24-25, 27, 29, 35-36]研究探讨了APACHE Ⅱ评分对AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的影响,异质性检验提示各研究间的异质性较大(I2=54%,P=0.03),选用随机效应模型进行合并。Meta分析结果显示,APACHE Ⅱ评分高是AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素[OR=1.52,95%CI(1.31,1.76),P <0.001],差异有统计学意义,见图2。
暴露因素中,心率(heart rate,HR)、CT严重度指数(CT severity index,CTSI)评分、感染、红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)、Ca2+浓度的纳入研究间的异质性较小(I2<50%,P>0.10),选用固定效应模型进行效应量合并。年龄、性别、吸烟史等暴露因素的异质性较大,采用随机效应模型进行合并。Meta分析结果显示,呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)[OR=1.19,95%CI(1.04,1.35),P<0.001]、RR>30次/分[OR=1.99,95%CI(1.02,3.87),P=0.043]、血糖[OR=2.70,95%CI(1.83,3.98),P<0.001]、RDW[OR=2.47,95%CI(1.79,3.42),P<0.001]、血乳酸(lactate,Lac)[OR=2.48,95%CI(1.34,4.61),P=0.004]、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)[OR=1.08,95%CI(1.05,1.12),P=0.001]、白细胞计数(white blood cell,WBC)[OR=1.13,95%CI(1.00,1.27),P=0.04]、多形核白细胞(polymorphonuclear leukocyte,PWN)[OR=1.36,95%CI(1.05,1.78),P=0.02]水平升高,血清白蛋白(albumin,ALB)[OR=1.45,95%CI(1.25,1.70),P<0.001]、Ca2+浓度[OR=6.95,95%CI(3.54,13.66),P<0.001]、ALB<30 g/L [OR=1.96,95%CI(1.26,3.05),P=0.003]、APACHE Ⅱ [OR=1.52,95%CI(1.31,1.76),P<0.001]、Ranson评分 [OR=2.38,95%CI(1.53,3.70),P<0.001]、CTSI评分[OR=1.72,95%CI(1.58,1.88),P<0.001]、APACHE Ⅱ>11分[OR=1.80,95%CI(1.12,2.91),P=0.016]、Ranson评分>5分[OR=1.97,95%CI(1.25,3.09),P=0.003]、感染[OR=5.72,95%CI(3.27,10.00),P<0.001]是AP患者发生ALI/ARDS的危险因素,见表2。
2.4 敏感性分析
敏感性分析结果显示,转换模型后各危险因素的OR值、95%CI、P值基本一致,Meta分析结果未发生方向性变化,提示本研究Meta分析结果较稳健,见表3。
2.5 发表偏倚
仅ALB纳入文献数量≥10篇,采用Egger's检验对其进行发表偏倚检验。Egger's检验结果显示,t=3.45,P=0.01,提示纳入研究可能存在发表偏倚。采用剪补法增加3项研究后,发现结果未发生显著变化[OR=1.25,95%CI(1.04,1.50),P=0.016],ALB水平降低仍是AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素,表明发表偏倚对研究结果的影响较小。
3 讨论
AP并发ALI/ARDS的病死率高达44.5%,早期预警缺乏或不足是患者死亡的重要因素[39-40]。研究显示,近三分之二的ALI/ARDS患者可能出现漏诊或延迟诊断的情况,将进一步导致患者的死亡率增加或预后不良[41]。因此,早期识别和预警AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素对降低ALI/ARDS的发生率和死亡率、把握ALI/ARDS治疗的关键时机、改善预后至关重要。本研究通过Meta分析的方法全面探讨了AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素,可为临床医护人员早期识别高危患者并及早实施干预提供参考。
本研究结果显示,RR增快(RR>30次/分)、血糖、RDW、Lac、CRP、WBC、PMN、ALB(ALB <30 g/L)、Ca2+浓度水平是AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素。Ge等的多中心队列研究表明,RR增快且频率>30次/分是危重患者并发ARDS的预测因素[42],与本研究结果一致。RR增快是全身炎症反应综合征的主要体征之一,ALI/ARDS是AP患者因全身炎症反应失控引发的多器官功能障碍的肺部表现[43],RR增快对全身炎症反应及ALI/ARDS的发生有一定的预警作用。AP患者多伴有血糖水平异常,长期高血糖可使糖基化终产物大量堆积,诱发肺组织细胞凋亡,同时,血糖升高可使血液粘稠度增加、组织灌注不足而进一步导致ALI/ARDS的发生[44],与Li等[45]的研究结果一致。RDW升高将导致AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的风险增加显著增加,与既往研究结果一致[46]。RDW与AP并发ALI/ARDS关联的内在机制尚不明确,但相关研究表明可能与AP继发的全身炎症反应及氧化应激密切相关[47]。血Lac水平是组织缺氧和灌注不足的敏感指标,其变化可反映AP患者病情严重程度及器官衰竭情况[48]。重症感染发生或病情进展严重时,外周循环灌注不足,组织缺氧而血Lac等代谢产物水平上升,导致肺间质水肿进而诱发或加重ALI/ARDS,与廖艳洁等[49]的研究结果一致。CRP是临床常用的炎症标志物之一,是反映组织损伤和炎症程度的敏感指标,机体损伤和炎性反应越激烈,CRP水平越高。当AP患者继发全身性炎症反应及ALI时,炎症反应过度激活,体内CRP水平升高更显著,与Ahmed等[50]的研究结果一致。WBC也是常见的炎症指标,炎症反应使WBC水平升高,大量白细胞聚集、黏附而引起肺毛细血管和肺泡上皮细胞损伤、肺部微血栓形成,最终导致ALI/ARDS,与既往研究一致[51]。Barrett等的研究表明,PMN及其分泌物在ARDS的发病机制中起重要作用,可通过聚集、黏附、炎症介质释放在肺内产生病理效应,从而导致微血栓形成和肺损伤,是ARDS发生的重要危险因素[52],与本研究结果一致。ALB水平降低、ALB<30 g/L时会显著增加AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的风险,可能是由于ALB降低导致血浆胶体渗透压下降,组织间液生成增多进而引起肺间质水肿和肺损伤,与张书娟等[53]、Li等[54]的研究结果一致。此外,本研究结果还提示Ca2+浓度降低是AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素,与既往研究结果一致[55]。这可能与AP诸多因素造成的肺泡细胞膜破坏和膜上Ca2+泵受抑,胞外Ca2+水平降低而胞内Ca2+超载,引发线粒体损伤,导致ATP耗竭和肺组织细胞损伤有关[56]。因此,临床医护人员应重点关注和积极检测与并发ALI/ARDS相关的各项客观指标及生命体征,以便采取及时有效的防治措施,降低AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的死亡率,改善其临床预后。
本研究结果显示,APACHE Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ>11分)、Ranson评分(Ranson评分>5分)、CTSI评分高是AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素。APACHE II是临床最常用的患者危重程度和预后的评分系统,分值越高提示疾病越严重,死亡风险越高,目前已广泛应用于AP患者的疾病严重程度评估[57]。有研究表明,APACHE II是预测AP严重程度有效的评分系统,当APACHE II≥8分时,SAP发生率、局部并发症发生率和死亡率将显著增高[58]。APACHE II与并发ALI/ARDS密切相关,评分越高提示AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的风险越大[59]。Ranson评分是评估AP严重程度的专用量表,在预测严重程度、器官衰竭和死亡率方面与APACHE II相比有更好的诊断准确性,其分值≥3分时可能提示SAP的发生[60]。吴永强等的研究显示,Ranson评分与多脏器功能衰竭综合征发病率呈正相关关系,当Ranson评分>4分时,患者可表现为SAP,且大部分患者的脏器衰竭常持续2天以上,ALI/ARDS是AP患者多脏器衰竭的主要表现之一,高Ranson评分也预示着AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的高风险[61]。CTSI评分是一种能直接、准确地反映胰腺坏死和渗出程度的影像学评分系统,与AP患者胰周积液、胰腺局部和胰腺外并发症的发生显著相关 [62]。CTSI评分越高,患者病情及胰腺坏死程度越重,继发ALI/ARDS的可能性越大[63]。上述3类评分系统虽已广泛用于急性胰腺炎严重程度和预后的评估,但均存在一定的应用局限性,对并发ALI/ARDS的预测能力仍待深入研究,临床医护人员需要结合相关阳性客观指标对患者发生ALI/ARDS的情况进行联合预警和监测。
本研究结果显示,合并感染是AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素,合并感染的AP患者继发ALI/ARDS的风险将增加5.72倍。Marstrand-Joergensen等的研究显示,感染是AP患者器官功能衰竭的独立预测因素,与未感染患者相比,发生胰腺和胰腺外感染的AP患者出现器官衰竭和全身并发症的情况更常见,发生ALI/ARDS的风险更大[64]。AP患者继发感染时炎性细胞聚集并活化,产生大量炎症介质并释放入血,通过炎症级联反应引发全身炎症反应综合征,直接或间接导致肺组织损伤和功能障碍[65]。因此,积极预防和控制感染是保护AP患者重要脏器功能、降低ALI/ARDS发生率、改善患者预后的重要措施。
本研究存在一定局限性:首先,纳入的部分研究间异质性较大,且由于国内外对急性胰腺炎患者发生ALI/ARDS的危险因素研究有限且涉及的危险因素类别宽泛,未能通过亚组分析进一步探讨异质性;其次,部分危险因素纳入研究过少,因此对其结果的解释应更谨慎;最后,经检验本研究纳入文献可能存在一定发表偏倚。
综上所述,AP患者并发ALI/ARDS的危险因素较多,临床应重点关注RR增快(RR>30次 /分)、血糖、RDW、血Lac、CRP、WBC、PMN水平升高、ALB(ALB<30 g/L)、Ca2+水平降低、APACHE Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ>11分)、Ranson评分(Ranson评分>5分)、CTSI评分高以及合并感染的AP患者,积极监测上述危险因素的变化,早期预警和识别并发ALI/ARDS的高危患者,以便采取及时有效的干预措施,从而降低AP患者ALI/ARDS的发生率和死亡率,改善临床预后。上述结论还需更多大样本、多中心的高质量研究进一步验证。
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