Objective  This study aimed to collect, appraise, and synthesize the optimal evidence regarding postoperative wound management for adult patients with anal fistula, thereby offering an evidence-based reference for healthcare providers.

Methods  Adopting the "6S" evidence-based model, a comprehensive search was conducted across domestic and international databases, as well as relevant professional websites, for evidence related to wound management following anal fistula surgery. The search span covered the period from the database inception to February 15, 2025. Subsequently, the included literatures were critically appraised, and the evidence was systematically summarized.

Results  A total of 14 articles were included, encompassing 2 guidelines, 7 expert consensus statements, 1 clinical decision - making document, 3 systematic reviews, and 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT). A total of 26 pieces of best evidence were summarized from 8 aspects, including multi-disciplinary team cooperation, comprehensive pain management, physical therapy intervention, traditional Chinese medicine specialized therapies,wound dressing change nursing, nutritional support management, exercise management, health education and follow-up.

Conclusion  The optimal evidence for postoperative wound management in adult anal fistula patients, summarized using the "6S" evidence-based model, can serve as a reliable evidence-based reference for clinical practitioners. This evidence is expected to facilitate wound healing and decrease the recurrence rate of anal fistula.

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