The ovary and testis are the organs responsible for the generation of reproductive gametes and the production of sex hormones in organisms. Their pathological development is an important factor affecting the reproduction of biological offspring. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a type of primordial cells with multi-directional differentiation and immunoregulatory ability, play a significant role in the regulation of homeostasis and immune maintenance of the body. Studies have shown that MSCs infusion can effectively treat various reproductive system diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, ovarian cancer, non-obstructive azoospermia, recurrence of testicular cancer, testicular torsion, aging testis, and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases, etc. In terms of the mechanism, MSCs infusion can precisely migrate to the damaged gonadal sites through the homing effect, and simultaneously secrete various bioactive factors through paracrine effects. These factors are capable of promoting angiogenesis in the injured gonads, as well as exerting anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and antioxidant effects, thereby restoring the physiological homeostasis of the gonads. This article reviews the research progress in recent years on the treatment of reproductive system diseases by MSCs and their mechanism, in order to provide a reference for the development of new clinical treatment strategies.

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